Studies of Fluoride Content in Drinking Water of Nalchha Block, Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Navin Rathore¹, BirjeshSingh¹, Pradeep Paliwal²

¹RabindraNath Tagore University, Bhopal (MP), INDIA

²Nirmala College, Ujjain, MP, INDIA

*Corresponding Author E-mail: navinrathore5@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

On the earth water is a basic and chief part for every single living being. Water is overflowing and most unordinary characteristic constituent, on the earth. In the towns of Dhar locale, an inborn belt territory, normal assets of water is hand siphons, wells, lakes and streams. Among them nature of water of hand siphon is debasing ceaselessly and in this manner it is basic to screen water quality time to time and treatment, if necessary before utilization of drinking reason. The present composition manages fluoride focus at Nalchha square of Dhar area of Madhya Pradesh. Different drinking water wellsprings of towns of Nalchha square were indicated and chose for inspecting and their fluoride focus were dissected. The fluoride fixation in Kaliyadeh at Pond close Sarpanch House (S18) discovered most abnormal amount of fluoride substance of the whole example broke down for present examination. Test (S-3), (S-4), (S-11), (S-15), (S-17) and (S-27) water sources, is a lot higher than WHO utmost and discovered more than 5.0 mg/L. These water sources having high fluoride fixation are set apart as red. It is prompted that water from these water sources must not to be utilized for drinking reason before treatment. Water tests of test station (S1) (S7-S9) (S21-S25) and (S28) tried were found between 1.5 to 5.0mg/L which is higher than the cutoff for example under 1.5mg/L as shown by research facility test investigation. Rest of the considerable number of tests were observed to be inside as far as possible for example under 1.5mg/L and can be utilized for drinking reason without treatment.

KEYWORDS: Nalchha Block, Dhar district, Tribal area, Water analysis, Fluoride.

INTRODUCTION:

Water is the most significant and basic regular asset for life on earth. It is openly accessible and most richly accessible in nature. In spite of the fact that ground water commitment is just 0.6% of the all out water assets on earth, and it is likewise the significant wellspring of drinking water for rustic and urban populace too. In India, around 20 states have been related to issues of high fluoride focus in ground water assets. Country populaces who are basically rely upon underground water for drinking purposes and gravely influenced by fluoride tainting. [1-5]

In several parts of Madhya Pradesh, particularly tribal belt, overall rate development in various fields like transport, education, sanitary, water supply, health etc. is poor than other part of India. In such remote area most of the government schemes are not reachable and if some approachable than not being properly utilized by these people. Development in any field literacy plays a crucial role and because of low literacy rate tribal and rarely approachable area of Madhya Pradesh is still away from the development in various sectors.

The ground water level in Nalchha square territory is exceptionally low and accessible with higher fluoride content than the standard furthest reaches of World Health Organization (WHO). The profundity of burrowed wells ranges from 5.8 to 20m while the profundity of bore wells ranges from 29.5m to 120m. Electrical outward siphons of 3 bhp to 5 bhp are for the most part being utilized being used in the zone. Ordinarily, the yield of wells is poor to direct, say in the scope of 1 lps to 6 lps. The overabundance fluoride substance is accounted for in certain pieces of the area at more profound level. Some confined pieces of the area are accounted for with somewhat saline water. The region isn't dry season inclined; anyway there are numerous parts in the area having water deficiency. The nature of ground water is consumable aside from in certain parts where higher convergence of fluoride is accounted for at more profound level. Penetrating issues may happen because of collapsible red bole arrangement.

In certain towns of MP, the dental fluorosis is a quiet pandemic spreading inside the populace. Dhar is an area of southern Madhya Pradesh where about 82% of the populace has a place with the Scheduled Tribes. As indicated by PHED, 1683 wellsprings of drinking water of 3763 tried sources in 324 towns are defiled in light of the fact that Malwa slopes are shaped of broke basaltic rocks, enhanced with upper regolith. Basaltic rocks contain fluoride in consolidated structure with either aluminum or with calcium. The Narmada alluvial valley is contained sandy sediment with variable measure of calcium and aluminum bound with some measure of fluoride. The normal yearly precipitation of the region is 833.6mm. Dhar locale gets most extreme precipitation during south west storm period for example June to September is about 91.1% of the yearly precipitation got during storm season. Just 8.9% of the yearly precipitation happens between october to May period, the surplus water for ground water revive is accessible just during the south-west storm period. The atmosphere of Dhar is portrayed by a sweltering summer and general dryness with the exception of during the south-west storm. [6-8]

In most recent couple of years, urbanization, industrialization and much use of water assets have taken care of the corruption of water quality and decrease in per capita accessibility in a few nations a work in progress and creating nations too. Because of different biological factors either characteristic or synthetic, the ground water is getting contaminated on account of transfer of perilous squanders, fluid and strong squanders from enterprises, sewage transfer, surface impoundments and so on. During its mind boggling stream history, groundwater goes through different geographical arrangements prompting subsequent defilement in shallow springs. Nearness of different contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, sulfate, pesticides, other substantial metals and so on in underground water has been accounted for from various pieces of India. [9-14]

Fluoride might be a basic component for creatures and people. For people, be that as it may, the centrality has not been shown unequivocally, and no information demonstrating the base wholesome necessity is accessible. To deliver indications of intense fluoride inebriation, least oral dosages of in any event 1 mg of fluoride for every kg of body weight were required. However, fluoride can likewise adverse affect tooth veneer and may offer ascent to mellow dental fluorosis at drinking-water focuses somewhere in the range of 0.9 and 1.2 mg/liter; the time of most prominent weakness is at the hour of mineralization of the auxiliary upper focal incisor teeth at around 22-26 months of age. This has been affirmed in various consequent examinations, including an ongoing enormous scale review completed in China, which demonstrated that, with drinking-water containing 1 mg of fluoride for each liter. Raised fluoride admissions can likewise have progressively genuine impacts on skeletal tissues. Antagonistic changes in bone structure might be seen when drinking-water contains 3-6 mg of fluoride for each liter.

The nature of ground water in the shallow/burrowed well spring is commonly consumable aside from in some disconnected spots, while in more profound spring, abundance fluoride content for example more than 1.5mg/l, has been seen in the pieces of Nalchha, Tirla, Manawar, Badnawar and Dhar squares of Dhar region. In Indian setting, fluoride is the major inorganic contamination of normal root found in ground water. Excess of fluorides than its utmost involves genuine concern with respect to general wellbeing. Different innovations are being utilized to expel fluoride from water yet the issue is demonstrating its effect in different conditions of India. The event of fluoride in groundwater is expected to enduring and draining of fluoride-bearing minerals from rocks and residue. Low fluoride fixation is useful for however high focus may cause dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. Such fluoride issue in Dhar local of MP is accounted for by couple of analyst and a few articles has additionally been distributed in papers. [15]

In continuation of our examination, ground water in recent years, urbanization, industrialization and much use of water assets have taken care of the corruption of water quality and decrease in per capita accessibility in a few nations a work in progress and creating nations too. Because of different biological factors either characteristic or synthetic, the ground water is getting contaminated on account of transfer of perilous squanders, fluid and strong squanders from enterprises, sewage transfer, surface impoundments and so on. During its mind boggling stream history, groundwater goes through different geographical arrangements prompting subsequent defilement in shallow springs. Nearness of different contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, sulfate, pesticides and other substantial metals and so on in underground water has been accounted for from various pieces of India. [16-27]

Study Area:

Dhar district is situated in the south-western part of MP. It lies between the parallels of North latitude 22°01’14’’ and 23°08’49’’ and east longitude 74°28’15’’ and 75°42’43’’E. The district is connected by Ratlam in the north, Ujjain in the north east, Khargone in the south and Jhabua in the west. The name Dhar is derived from Dhara Nagari, the city of sword blades. Population of the district is more than 22 lacs and population growth rate is about 25%. [Fig.: 1]

Table-1: Fluoride test of Groundwater of villages of Nalchha Block

S.N.	Block	Village	Sampling Station	Source	Fluoride [mg/L]
1	Nalchha	Dukanimafi	Near Mata Mandir [S1]	HP	2.64
2		Dukanimafi	In front of School [S2]	HP	0.63
3		Dukanimafi	At Rapat [S3]	HP	5.61
4		Dukanimafi	Near Pratap house [S4]	HP	6.42
5		Dukanimafi	Near GangaRam house [S5]	TW	0.69
6	Nalchha	Karondiya	At Nallah [S6]	Well	0.42
7		Karondiya	Bajaripura (at road) [S7]	HP	2.03
8		Karondiya	Near Shankar house [S8]	HP	2.21
9		Karondiya	Near Pratap house [S9]	HP	2.01
10	Nalchha	Kachhal	Near Gubadiyapura Fata [S10]	HP	0.25
11		Kachhal	Near Kunva [S11]	HP	6.02
12		Kachhal	Near School [S12]	HP	0.26
13		Kachhal	Gubadipura/Kishanpura [S13]	HP	0.23
14		Kachhal	Gubadipura-Sarpanch house [S14]	HP	0.28
15		Kachhal	In Jamsingh land [S15]	TW	5.66
16		Kachhal	Nayapura 1 [S16]	HP	5.59
17		Kachhal	Near Gubadipura road [S17]	HP	5.39
18	Nalchha	Kaliyadeh	Pond, near Sarpanch house [S18]	HP	9.25
19		Kaliyadeh	Near backside of tree [S19]	HP	0.49
20		Kaliyadeh	School Premise [S20]	HP	5.02
21		Kaliyadeh	At street road [S21]	HP	4.51
22		Kaliyadeh	Chhitar House [S22]	HP	3.15
23	Nalchha	Hemabardi	Primary School [S23]	HP	1.94
24		Hemabardi	Pond [S24]	HP	2.25
25		Hemabardi	Sukharam House [S25]	TW	2.23
26		Hemabardi	Rajaram House [S26]	TW	0.56
27	Nalchha	Bakhan Kheda	Below Ghati [S27]	HP	7.23
28		Bakhan Kheda	Kacharu Patel House [S28]	TW	1.92
29		Bakhan Kheda	Khandu Patel House [S29]	TW	0.67
30		Bakhan Kheda	Sheru House [S30]	TW	0.46

HP-Hand Pump, TW-Tube Well

CONCLUSION:

Fluoride concentration near the residence of Pond area near Sarpanch House Kaliyadeh village [S18] area of Nalchha block has been found 9.25mg/L. fluoride content of the entire sample analysed for present study. A very high fluoride concentration i.e. more than 5mg/l is found in Dukanimafi [S3, S4], Kachhal [S11, S15-S17], Bakhan Khedi [S27] than total samples taken for study from Hand Pumps and Tubewells as well. These water sources having high fluoride concentration are marked as red. Because of very high concentration of fluoride, fluorosis and some other dental and bone problems are seen in the area and hence it is advised that water from these water sources must not to be used for drinking purpose before treatment. Higher concentration of fluoride i.e. 1.5-5.0mg/L at [S1], [S7- S9], Kaliyadeh [S21-S25] and [S28] and these water sources having high fluoride concentration are marked as red. Rest all of the samples tested were found within the limit i.e. less than 1.5mg/L as indicated by laboratory test analysis. Out of total 30 sources studied, some red point sources are found to be in very dangerous state of fluoride concentration. Number of several dental fluorosis cases has been observed during sample collection in the villages and dependency on Hand pumps might be the cause as per reports. [4, 6-8, 15]

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Received on 11.09.2019 Modified on 29.09.2019

Asian J. Research Chem. 2019; 12(5):278-283.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-4150.2019.00052.X

INTRODUCTION:

Study Area:

Fig.: 1

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Sample collection and analysis:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Table-1: Fluoride test of Groundwater of villages of Nalchha Block

Figure-2: Graphical presentation of fluoride concentration in Nalchha Block, Dist. Dhar